The relationship/ Dependency (also called Association) between the attributes is called relationship/association and the measure of degrees of relationship between the attributes is called the coefficient of association. The namespaces will prevent the user’s definition from taking procedure and breaking every function that tries to transpose matrix. Namespaces (i) allows the package writer to hide functions and data that are meant only for internal use, (ii) prevent functions from breaking when a user picks a name that clashes with one in the packages, and (iii) they provide a way to refer to an object within a particular package.įor example, in R the t() function is the transpose function. The contributed packages are distributed with every binary distribution of R and are available for download from CRAN and other repositories such as BioConductor. These packages implement some specialized statistical methods, access to datasets and hardware.

The standard R packages are written by authors. The standard R functions are automatically available in any R installation, that is, you don’t need to install them. The base packages also contain datasets, standard statistical and graphical functions.

The base packages contain the basic functions that allow R to work. The standard (or base) packages are considered part of the R source code. So, a better approach is to attempt to load the package using require and and install if loading fails ( require will return FALSE if it isn't found).R packages can be classified as standard (base) packages and contributed packages. It needs to read several files per installed package, which will be slow on Windows and on some network-mounted file systems. This can be slow when thousands of packages are installed, so do not use this to find out if a named package is installed (use system.file or find.package) nor to find out if a package is usable (call require and check the return value) nor to find details of a small number of packages (use packageDescription). A lot of the answers above (and on duplicates of this question) rely on installed.packages which is bad form.

Load packages in r